Biography of shamz khan star

18th-century general of the Sudhan people

Shams-Ud-Din Khan was governor manager Poonch and chief of significance Sudhan clan, at the interval the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was ruled insensitive to Gulab Singh.^[2][3] He was place influential zamindar of Poonch Section, Pakistan, headman of the Sudhans and the leader of rank 1837 Poonch Revolt.

After ethics previous successful conquest of Poonch, the local tribes of loftiness region, including the Sudhans, challenging been pacified. From the Sudhans, Shams-Ud-Din Khan^[4][5][6] was taken since a hostage and taken go-slow the care of Dhian Singh, who began to grow clean liking for him.^[7][8]

Historical Background Sikh-Sudhnoti War

The state of Sudhanoti was divided among fifteen mountain chieftains, all of whom were botched job the command of Sardar Shams-Ud-Din Khan, the ruler of main Sudhnoti.

Due to this geographic division, many historians have referred to Sudhnoti as the “land of the mountain chieftains.’ Integrity First Sikh-Sudhnoti War at Plangi was fought in the margin areas of lower and poop Poonch, which lay to nobleness northeast and southeast of that mountainous region.The origins of that war trace back to Maharajah Ranjit Singh's invasion of Cashmere.

In mid-June 1814, when Ranjit Singh's forces reached Rajouri by way of Bhimber on their way forget about capture Kashmir, the ruler closing stages Rajouri, Raja Agar Khan, forfeiture without resistance.Once in Rajouri, Ranjit Singh divided his army answer two parts. He assigned slow lane of one part to Push Dayal, Dal Singh, and Namdar Thakur, instructing them to suppress the areas from Rajouri interruption Baramulla and from Baramulla get in touch with Shopian.

Ranjit Singh himself under pressure the other part of grandeur army, aiming to conquer Poonch city, the adjacent upper areas, and the territories of glory mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti. Filth planned to reunite his put back together in Shopian, where the bellicose camp of Muhammad Azim Caravansary was located, after subjugating these regions.

At that time, influence state of Poonch was apart among three rulers. Raja Sherbaz Khan of the Rathore blood ruled one part, Raja Ruhullah controlled the central Poonch steeple, and a few independent tribes had gained autonomy over splendid small area of 300 platform miles. To the west fall foul of Poonch lay the mountainous asseverate of Sudhnoti, where fifteen pike chieftains were under the paramount of Sardar Shams Khan, integrity ruler of Sudhnoti.

When Ranjit Singh attacked Poonch with authority intention of conquering all these areas, Raja Sherbaz Khan, pass up offering any resistance, peacefully added his territory to Ranjit Singh's empire.Following this, Ranjit Singh place siege to the central Poonch fort, which was under description control of Raja Ruhullah.

Yet, during the siege, heavy rains began, rendering many of Ranjit Singh's cannons and guns expired. Meanwhile, Raja Ruhullah's forces launched intense bombardment from the inclose, forcing Ranjit Singh to go-ahead from central Poonch temporarily.As Ranjit Singh's forces withdrew and reached the Plangi area on nobleness Sudhnoti border, they encountered prestige mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti, replete by Sardar Shams Khan themselves.

A fierce battle ensued among the forces of Sudhnoti status Ranjit Singh. Due to picture earlier rains, many of Ranjit Singh's cannons and guns were already damaged, and they could not withstand the sudden celebrated powerful assault by the deal chieftains of Sudhnoti. According check in Sardar Suba Khan, the framer of Maakhaz-e- Sudhnoti, the Important Sikh- Sudhnoti War at Plangi lasted only four hours.In that brief battle, the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti killed eight centred of Ranjit Singh's soldiers keep from three hundred mules.

The spiteful attack by the mountain chieftains left Ranjit Singh's already decrepit army no time to regrouping, and within four hours, Ranjit Singh's morale collapsed.Ultimately, Ranjit Singh was forced to flee in the direction of Rajouri, abandoning two of sovereign mountain cannons and twenty-two sacks of grain on the field at Plangi.

After collecting greatness spoils of war, the cock chieftains, under the command sharing Sardar Shams-Ud-Din Khan, returned disparagement the borders of Sudhnoti discipline awaited another attack from Ranjit Singh for twenty days. Regardless, due to the significant forfeiture of life and resources enclose this battle at the environs of central Poonch and Sudhnoti, Ranjit Singh refrained from unchanging looking towards Kashmir for magnanimity next four and a portion years, from mid-1814 to 1819.

^[9]

Sikh-Sudhan Peace Treaty

Following the Have control over Sikh-Sudhnoti War at Plangi mud mid-1814, Ranjit Singh spent class next four and a bisection years gathering his full addition. In 1819, he eventually bested Kashmir in the Battle fortify Shopian. After securing Kashmir, Ranjit Singh turned his attention make a fuss of Poonch, where Raja Sherbaz Caravansary was still the ruler.

Primate he had done in mid-1814, Raja Sherbaz Khan once anon declared his allegiance to rank Sikh Empire without offering considerable resistance, and he had too taken control of central Poonch following the death of Raj Ruhullah.This time, Ranjit Singh subordinate Poonch with- out any engagement. Afterward, instead of launching extensive attacks on the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti or the divided tribes that had gained elbowroom from the 300-square-mile state reduce speed Poonch, Ranjit Singh focused itemisation consolidat- ing his control mull it over Jammu, Kashmir, and Poonch.

Like this, the Sikh Empire swiftly personal its complete dominance over Cashmere, Jammu, and Poonch.Following this, distinction Sikh Empire granted a jagir (land grant) in Jammu scolding Gulab Singh's father which name his death, passed on advice Gulab Singh. Shortly thereafter, Ranjit Singh also granted the Poonch jagir to Raja Dhian Singh, who was the Prime Ecclesiastic of the Sikh Empire lecture Gulab Singh's brother.

According revoke Maakhaz-s-Sudhnoti by Sardar Suba Caravanserai, during the coronation ceremony understanding the Poonch jagir held belittling the Sikh Empire's court respect Lahore, Prime Minister Dhian Singh pleaded with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, saying:"Maharaja, | am ready suggest sacrifice my parents for prickly.

If you command, the devastate areas of the 1600-square-mile Poonch region, which Emperor Akbar difficult to understand officially granted to Raja Sirajuddin with his signature and band in 1596, and which consequent fell under Afghan control on the contrary is now under the command of Maharaja Bahadur Ranjit Singh, could also be brought bring round the control of this enormous Sikh Empire." Sardar Suba Caravansary notes that Dhian Singh finished this statement during the initiation of the Poonch jagir thanks to, prior to this, Ranjit Singh had granted Gulab Singh loftiness jagir of Jammu without absurd official documentation, only through marvellous public declaration.

However, Dhian Singh needed official documents from description Sikh Empire for these jagirs. Since only 300 square miles of the 1600-square-mile Poonch go missing were under the control go along with independent tribes, and the devastate 1300 square miles were by now under the control of greatness Sikh Empire, Dhian Singh challenging no concern about the 300-square-mile area of Poonch.

Instead, agreed strategically made this statement swot the right time to gain his objectives, and his beseech hit the mark.During the dress ceremony, Ranjit Singh announced wander the remaining areas of Poonch would also be conquered, person in charge the necessary documents for decency related jagir would be pinioned. Consequently, Ranjit Singh signed sit sealed the documents for blue blood the gentry Poonch and J astrota jagirs and granted them to Patrician Dhian Singh.This Poonch jagir, which the Mughals had officially demarcated as a 1600-square-mile region playing field granted to their newly protected Muslim soldier Raja Sirajuddin comport yourself 1596, had remained under Covering control from 1752 to 1819.

The Afghans also kept run into under the same family's direction. After the Sikh Empire means its control over the do a bunk in 1819, it formally despite the fact that the 1600-square-mile Poonch jagir know Prime Minister Raja Dhian Singh in 1827.This 1600-square-mile jagir commuter boat Poonch included areas that disadvantage now part of both Azad Kashmir and the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, specifically:

- Tehsil Haveli

- Tehsil Mandi

- Tehsil Mendhar

- Tehsil Surankot

- Tehsil Mankot

These areas, which currently constitute the Poonch district of Indian-administered Jammu stomach Kashmir, cover a total open place of 1,674 square kilometers (646 square miles).

This 646-square-mile sector is part of the one-time 1600-square-mile Poonch state, now leak out asthe Poonch district of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir.In 1972, homespun on administrative divisions, the authority of Indian-administered Jammu & Cashmere incorporated certain areas of excellence former 1600-square-mile Poonch state go-slow Rajouri district.

These included excellence 100-square-mile border regions of Mendhar, Surankot, and Balakot, which were previously part of Poonch. Asa result, out of 1600 right-angled miles, 746 square miles cataclysm the former Poonch state percentage now part of Indian-administered Jammu & Kashmir.In Pakistan-administered Azad Cashmere, several areas also belong envision the former Poonch state including:

-District Bagh: Out of grandeur total area of 770 cubic kilometers (300 square miles), 275 square miles were part accord the former Poonch state.

-District Poonch: Out of the spot on area of 855 square kilometers (330 square miles), the 126-square-mile region of Tehsil Abbaspur was part of the former Poonch state.

-District Haveli: The full area of 231 Square miles Is also part of blue blood the gentry former Poonch state.

-District Kotli: Out of the total room of 1,862 square kilometers (719 square miles), 102 square miles, including Tehsil Nakiyal and Fatehpur Thakiala, were part of illustriousness former Poonch state.

District Hattian: Out of the total room of 854 square kilometers (330 square miles), 120 Square miles, including Tehsil Chikar Gari Dupatta, was part of the badger Poonch state. Thus, the grass Poonch state, established with these boundaries in 1596 and succeeding granted as a jagir be introduced to Prime Minister Raja Dhian Singh by the Sikh Empire spitting image 1827, still encompasses 854 quadrangular miles of what is at once part of Azad Kashmir, together with District Kotli, District Bagh, Limited Poonch, District Haveli, and Section Hattian.

These areas have anachronistic part of the 1600-square-mile Poonch state since 1596. On Ordinal January 1827, Ranjit Singh officially granted the 1600-square-mile Poonch jagir to Dhian Singh. During illustriousness coronation of this jagir, Dhian Singh requested Ranjit Singh's blessing to subdue the independent tribes occupying the remaining 300 equilateral miles of the Poonch accuse and the 550-square-mile area foothold Sudhnoti ruled by the hit the highest point chieftains.

This led to ethics decision to bring these areas under the control of justness Sikh Empire, which ultimately resulted in the Sikh-Sudhnoti Peace Agreement. Sardar Suba Khan, the man of letters of Maakhaz-eSudhnoti, writes that later 10th January 1827, Ranjit Singh personally led an army disregard 60,000 troops and camped invective RawalpindiKahuta, known as the door to Sudhnoti on 24th Feb 1827.

Here, Ranjit Singh assessed the strength of the cock chieftains of Sudhnoti, as sand had previously been defeated strong them at the Sudhnoti constraint in mid-1814. This _ day, employing a more strategic alter, he halted at Kahuta current launched a _ heavy attack with 150 cannons on ethics areas under Sudhnoti's control.

Honourableness sheer size of the grey and _ its artillery nearby modern weaponry instilled fear nearby panic among the mountain chieftains and the other independent tribes of Poonch. According to Sardar Suba Khan, the author a selection of "Maakhaz-e-Sudhnoti, following the over-whelming show of force by Ranjit Singh at Kahuta, the tribes condemn Poonch that had earlier rebelled against the Poonch State survive established their own independent dictate over a 300-square-mile area came forward on 25th February 1827 and declared their allegiance extinguish Ranjit Singh.

In response, Ranjit Singh reincorporated this 300Square-mile district back into the State surrounding Poonch, keeping it within Dhian Singh's jagir. At that revolt, the remaining 550 square miles of the Sudhnoti region were still outside the control tactic the Sikh Empire. This universe was governed by fifteen at a low level independent mountain chieftains of depiction Sadozai Sudhan tribe, led by virtue of Sardar Shams Khan.

Upon scholarship of Ranjit Singh's encampment varnish Kahuta, Sardar Shams Khan convened a Loya jirga of these chieftains at Qila Mang appendix discuss whether to engage block battle or submit to character Sikh Empire. They realized delay the total military strength dead weight the Sudhnoti chieftains was lone around 4,500 soldiers, with say publicly remainder being peasant fighters who lacked even their own manage.

Given the circumstances, the chieftains decided that if a calm agreement could be reached absorb the Sikh Empire, it would be acceptable; otherwise, they would rely on divine intervention station fight in the name break into God, regardless of the position. Following this unanimous decision, Sardar Shams Khan sent his go-between to Ranjit Singh's Muslim legate and Foreign Minister, Fagir Azizuddin, offering to bring Sudhnoti go under the surface the control of the Adherent Empire through a peace understanding.

It is important to billet that in ancient times, calm agreements were a recognized permissible practice in the Indian subcontinent. Whenever a state accepted greatness authority of an empire poverty-stricken engaging in battle, it was required to pay lower import charges compared to states conquered suitcase force, and the local rulers were allowed to retain their positions of power.

When Fagir Azizuddin presented the Sudhnoti chieftains' request for a peace accord to Ranjit Singh, he readily accepted it. The peace concord between the Sudhnoti chieftains survive Ranjit Singh was subsequently formalised at the location known chimpanzee Holar, which Is also referred to as Bab-e-Sudhnoti in synchronic Azad Kashmir. The main matter of the treaty stated:

1.

Leadership and Representation: Sardar Shams Khan would retain his character as the head of rectitude fifteen mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti and be given official model in the Sikh Empire's City court. Sardar Shams Khan, in advance with his entire family rejoice seventy members, would reside instruct in Lahore and manage the connections of Sudhnoti from there, with the collection of taxes.

Earth would only be allowed enter upon visit Sudhnoti after earning honesty full trust of the Disciple Empire, but he could communicate the Lahore court and trade there with his seventy kinsmen members whenever necessary.

As lagging this agreement, Sardar Shams Caravanserai, along with his seventy kindred members, was required to conduct from Qila Mang to character Lahore court of the Faith Empire.

Following the agreement, Ranjit Singh appointed Fagir Azizuddin bit the head of a accusation, which included Dhian Singh, Sardar Shams Khan, the fifteen Sudhnoti chieftains, and ten other ministers and advisors of the Faith Empire. The delegation was tasked with determining a tax measure for Sudhnoti based on citizenry.

According to Sardar Suba Caravansary, the delegation set an yearly tax of 10,600 rupees, which Sardar Shams Khan was envision collect from the fifteen entities of Sudhnoti.

The internal freedom of Sudhnoti was preserved be submerged the agreement, including control ancient history the forts, judiciary, policing, queue the collection of taxes.

Stern these arrangements were finalized traffic Sardar Shams Khan, the Adherent Empire instructed him to carry the collected taxes from Sudhnoti to the Prime Minister bad buy the Sikh Empire, Raja Dhian Singh, in Lahore. Sardar Shams Khan diligently fulfilled his duties under the peace agreement use up 28th February 1827 to Ordinal April 1832.

^[10]

The Intergration fortify Sudhnoti into Poonch jagir

The action of the Sikh-Sudhnoti Peace Planning, it is stated that take forward 28th February 1827, the Repair of Sudhanoti (state) accepted birth authority of the Sikh Power through a peace treaty. Slipup this treaty, Sardar Shams Caravansary was required to pay initiative annual tax of 10,600 rupees from Sudhnoti to the Religion Empire.

Sardar Shams Khan hard fulfilled his responsibilities in greatness Sikh Empire's Lahore court diverge 28 February 1827 to 5 April 1832. His honesty existing high character impressed the Disciple Empire's Prime Minister, Raja Dhian Singh. Meanwhile, the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti were also uplifting with Sardar Shams Khan's leadership.However, during the thirteen years superior 1819 to 1832, significant fluctuate took place within the Religion Empire.

The Dogra brothers, Gulab Singh and Mian Dhian Singh, gained considerable power during that _ period, enabling them shout approval manipulate the Sikh court financial assistance their own interests. The Dogra brothers devised a plan assent to incorporate the State of Sudhnoti, which had been under honest control of the Sikh Kingdom since 1827, into their jagirs by first eliminating Sardar Shams Khan.

They began by supply Maharaja Ranjit Singh false feat of rebellion in Sudhnoti, attribut-ing the unrest to Sardar Shams Khan's incom-petence. Without informing Sardar Shams Khan, they began story military posts in Sudhnoti crate early March 1832, which was a direct violation of Sudhnoti's internal autonomy and when Gulab Singh and Dhian Singh, in operation building military posts in Sudhnoti, the mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti halted the construction.

This dampen to a skirmish between justness Sudhozai chieftains of Sudhnoti stake the Sikh army, resulting injure the death of twenty Adherent soldiers, while the remaining Disciple forces retreated towards Poonch.After glory incident, messengers from the clamp chieftains of Sudhnoti traveled bump Lahore to inform Sardar Shams Khan about the construction have fun the military posts and distinction ensuing conflict.

Sardar Shams Caravansary sent a message back form the chieftains, instructing them sob to take any further example without consulting him, assuring them that he would address interpretation issue at the Lahore make an attempt. He expressed confidence that inept military posts would be practice in Sudhnoti and emphasized grandeur importance of not taking uncouth action without his approval.

Ethics messengers returned to Sudhnoti bend this message.Meanwhile, the Dogra brothers had already informed Ranjit Singh of a rebellion in Sudhnoti. Ranjit Singh summoned Sardar Shams Khan to inquire about authority incident. Sardar Shams Khan explained the situation, stating that depiction Dogra brothers had started fib military posts in Sudhnoti beyond informing the local chieftains, important to a confrontation.

He civilized that there was no revolt, but rather a misunderstanding franchise to the unauthorized construction sun-up the posts. Ranjit Singh, relatively angered, asked, "So, if phenomenon build military posts in Sudhnoti, will the chieftains now assail us?" Sardar Shams Khan rigidly replied that such actions would be in direct violation be frightened of the peace treaty, which indubitable Sudhnoti's internal autonomy.

Ranjit Singh then summoned the Dogra brothers to explain the situation. Illustriousness Dogra brothers, adding more falsehoods, claimed that soldiers stationed scoff at the border between Poonch highest Sudhnoti had wandered into Sudhnoti while hunting and were non-natural by the chieftains, resulting instruction the death of twenty men. They argued that the intrinsic autonomy of Sudhnoti was emboldening other states and that influence people of Sudhnoti had comprehend increasingly rebellious.

They suggested modification Sardar Shams Khan's powers, spiffy tidy up proposal that Ranjit Singh perform agreeable. According to Sardar Suba Khan, the author of “Maakhaz Sudhnoti’, Ranjit Singh subsequently businesslike the Dogra brothers to extent Sudhnoti's internal autonomy and combine military posts there. On Ordinal April 1832, the Dogra brothers, along with more than xxx thousand Sikh soldiers, advanced in the direction of Sudhnoti.

In their presence, guard stations and military posts were established in all the towns and villages of Sudhnoti. Authority mountain chieftains of Sudhnoti immediately informed Sardar Shams Khan assault these developments, who then condone them to remain silent obtain not take any action. Even supposing the chieftains complied with Sardar Shams Khan's orders, it was beyond their tolerance, as around had been no Sikh hovel Dogra military posts in Sudhnoti before 5th April 1832.

Make a mistake the peace treaty, Sudhnoti enjoyed complete internal autonomy, with disloyalty only obligation to the Disciple Empire being the payment glimpse taxes based on population. Notwithstanding, after 5th April 1832, while in the manner tha Sudhnoti's internal autonomy was revoked and it was incorporated space Poonch, the construction of Disciple military posts and police position began, similar to those rejoicing other parts of the Faith Empire.

Seeing the situation, a-okay delegation of mountain chieftains cheat Sudhnoti once again traveled fit in Lahore to meet Sardar Shams Khan. He advised them know remain patient, strong, and mutual, assuring them that he would do everything possible to watch over Sudhnoti's internal autonomy. He very promised that if he aborted, he would soon leave Metropolis with his family and unite them in Sudhnoti, but educated them not to take non-u action before his return.

Regardless despite Sardar Shams Khan's finest efforts, he ultimately not one and only faced failure in his attempts to maintain Sudhnoti's autonomy stay away from all sides, but he was also told by the Top Minister of the Sikh Control, Raja Dhian Singh, that Sudhnoti had now been merged do Poonch under the orders appropriate Maharaja Ranjit Singh, and renounce Poonch and Sudhnoti had bent made a single unit.

For that reason, the tax collector (Malia Dar) of Poonch, Diwan Dilbagh Rai, would now also collect tariff from Sudhnoti, as Sudhnoti was now part of Poonch, enthralled since Diwan Dilbagh Rai was the Malia Dar (tax collector) of Poonch, he would immediately be responsible for tax collecting in Sudhnoti as well. So, you should now work stuff cooperation with him.

Following that, Sardar Shams Khan, along climb on his family, made the confident decision to rebel against distinction Lahore Durbar and flee getaway it, which will be point further in the context unsaved the second Sikh-Sudhnoti war. Nearby, a brief historical background decline provided regarding the merger quite a few the Pakhtun state of Sudhnoti, established in 1407, into excellence jagir of Poonch, established surround 1596, on the 5th recognize April,1832.

^[11]

Second Sikh-Sudhan War

On Twenty-eight February 1827, the State unravel Sudhnoti accepted the sovereignty be partial to the Sikh Empire through systematic peace agreement. This agreement serviced Sudhnoti's internal autonomy, the blameworthy justice system in the go on of Kot, the leadership be more or less Sudhnoti's fifteen units, and rectitude collection of taxes from Sudhnoti remained under the control disparage Sardar Shams Khan Abakhel Sadozai.

Due to the subjugation impervious to the Sikh Empire, Sardar Shams Khan had to pay diversity annual tax of 10,600 rupees to the Sikh court fluky Lahore. Initially, Sardar Shams Caravanserai, along with seventy members have a high opinion of his family, had to live in the Sikh court stress Lahore because, under the calmness agreement, Sardar Shams Khan meticulous his family were made guarantors for the annual tax circumvent the fifteen units of Sudhnoti.

However, after two years, just as Sardar Shams gained the flow of the Sikh Empire, honesty rest of his sixty descent members were allowed to come back to their ancestral village have power over Dhaman in Sudhnoti. Subsequently, filth continued to live in rectitude Sikh court in Lahore add his immediate family and congestion Sudhan guards along with combine Sikh guards provided by justness Sikh Empire.On 5th April 1832, when the internal autonomy weekend away Sudhnoti was abolished and leadership Sikh Empire annexed the circumstances into the Poonch region, arena Diwan Dalbagh Rai's influence began to grow, Sardar Shams Caravansary abruptly separated from the focus on and returned to his hereditary village of Dhaman in Sudhnoti.

Upon his return, he convened a *Loya J irga* exertion the Dipri Fort of Dhaman, where all the chieftains curst Sudhnoti took an oath promote to fight and resist the Adherent Empire. The decision was plain to go to war be against the Sikh Empire. When authority Sikh army learned of that *Loya Jirga* in Dnhaman, they launched an attack on goodness village via Kotli, marking honesty beginning of the Second Sikh-Sudhnoti War.

The battle spread spread Sardar Shams Khan's ancestral district of Dnaman to the forts of Sudhnoti. Within days, Sardar Shams Khan's forces had modern the entire Sudhnoti from Religion control and advanced towards Poonch. During this time, the tribes of Poonch, which had rebelled against the central authority hint Poonch in 1810 and folk their small independent states discover an area of 300 platform miles but later submitted fifty pence piece the Sikh Empire out trip fear in 1827, also carmine in rebellion against the Sikhs.

In response to Sardar Shams Khan's growing victories, the Disciple Empire dispatched three armies, persist comprising 5,000 troops, under Generals Udham Singh, Labh Singh, subject Zorawar Singh, to counter Sardar Shams Khan. However, like ethics First Sikh-Sudhnoti War, the Religion army faced consecutive defeats stash twenty-two fronts across Sudhnoti, Poonch, and Jammu.As a result shambles these defeats, Sudhnoti captured grandeur entire Poonch estate and division of the Jammu estate.

Blue blood the gentry author of “Maakhaz-eSudhnoti’, Sardar Suba Khan, notes that 3,500 Disciple soldiers were killed in rectitude Second Sikh-Sudhnoti War, with picture heaviest casualties occurring in influence Battle of Badi Galla, which was part of Sardar Shams Khan's ancestral land in Dhaman. Badi Galla was the protected area of the Sabz Ali Caravanserai and Sardar Mili Khan accommodate and was Sardar Shams Khan's birthplace.

In the Battle be in the region of Badi Galla, the Sikh bracing reserves suffered the most significant victims, with approximately 1,500 Sikh private soldiers killed. The battlefield was tolerable bloody that the streams gleam ravines in the area ran red with blood for distinct days. Following this bloodshed, blue blood the gentry area, previously known as Badi Galla, became known as Ratt Galla or Ratt Na Galla (Ratt meaning blood in rectitude local language).

The name move occurred due to the powerful bloodshed that took place there.This text provides evidence of that that the author of Maakhaz-e-Sudhnuti, the last ruler of Sudhnuti, Sardar Suba Khan, continued hand Maakhaz-e-Sudhnuti until 1852 AD. Further, the Hindu author of “Gulab Nama” writes that Sardar Shams Khan, a notorious leader type the Sudhan tribe, not matchless massacred Sikh soldiers but very ordinary Sikhs and Hindus.

Sardar Shams Khan, during the Alternate Sikh-Sudhnuti War, brutally killed visit unborn Sikh and Hindu progeny by slitting the wombs reproach pregnant women, preventing these offspring from being born. Furthermore, Sardar Suba Khan, an eyewitness accuse the Second Sikh-Sudhnuti War, writes in “Maakhaz-e-Sudhnoti” that out expose the 25 battlefronts in that war, Sudhnuti emerged victorious play a role 22 of them.

During that war, Sardar Shams Khan simulated 22 small and large forts and 106 outposts from glory Sikh Empire's army within deuce months. In addition to that, around 3,500 Sikh soldiers see 5,000 of their mules were killed, while on the different side, 1,200 Sadozai Sudhan men and 400 mules were besides killed.

In summary, like ethics First Sikh-Sudhnuti War, Sudhnuti emerged victorious in the Second Sikh-Sudhnuti War as well ^[12][13]

Third Sikh-Sudhan War

On the 5th of Apr, 1832, when the Sikh Conglomerate attempted to annex the Submit of Sudhnoti into the Poonch estate, the ruler of Sudhnoti, Sardar Shams Khan Abakhel Sadozai, rebelled against the Sikh Control.

This rebellion led to loftiness Second Sikh-Sudhnoti War. After Sudhnoti's victory in this war, level with gained control over most decay the regions up to Jammu, including the Poonch estate. Honourableness author of “Maakhaz Sudhnoti, Sardar Suba Khan, writes that near the Third Sikh-Sudhnoti War, integrity State of Sudhnoti had occupied control of 15 of dismay forts and 7 additional forts in Poonch and Jammu.

As follows, Sudhnoti now had a finalize of 22 forts, for which Sardar Shams Khan increased her majesty army from 7,000 to 16,000 soldiers and stationed them trade in needed in these forts. Pinpoint that Sardar Shams Khan further got significant increase in blue blood the gentry annual tax from Sidhnoti which was during the peace on a case by case basis, Rs.

10,600 per annum however now he collected Rs. 160,000 in taxes from the defeated regions of Poonch and Jammu in just two months duct ten days. This was in that Sardar Shams Khan urgently desirable money and a larger flock, which forced him to thorough such steps. However, this jingoistic tax collection angered even ruler Muslim tribal supporters in Poonch and Jammu, who started wayout for ways to rid yourselves of Sardar Shams Khan.

Birth author of “Maakhaz-d-Sudhnoti” writes desert due to this aggressive burden collection, Sardar Shams Khan difficult to understand to fight wars on both internal and external fronts. Finger the other hand, seeing Sardar Shams Khan's growing victories, righteousness Sikh Empire abandoned its brave campaigns in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dominant other regions to wage trim decisive war against him.

That war was led by greatness bravest General of the Adherent Empire, Gulab Singh, who demanded an army of 60,000 general public with 50 generals under tiara command.Instead of directly attacking Sudhnoti, General Gulab Singh first camped in Kahuta, known as excellence gateway to Sudhnoti, for a handful of months. There, he began jam aligning with the Muslim tribes who were angered by Sardar Shams Khan's heavy tax grade.

These were the same tribes from Poonch and Jammu dismiss whom Sardar Shams Khan difficult collected Rs. 160,000 in import charges within two months and congestion days. By the end elect the two months, Gulab Singh had successfully turned many Muslims in Poonch and Jammu averse Sardar Shams Khan. After that, the Sikh army crossed greatness J helum River, attacked leadership Sudhnoti fort of Aain tell off then Mang, and launched unornamented simultaneous attack on all three forts considered the capitals break into Sudhnoti using 800 mountain cannons.

Although the Sudhnoti army resisted for a month, 14,000 lower ranks were killed in the front. Consequently, Sardar Shams Khan abstruse to flee from the Mang Fort, and along with Ccc of his companions, took cover in Sudran with Raja Sherbaz Khan, the former ruler be beaten Poonch. Raja Sherbaz Khan was the same ruler who, back end twice surrendering without resistance, locked away been given the rule cause a small estate of 104 villages by the Sikh Monarchy.

When Sardar Shams Khan bested most of Poonch and Jammu, he did not attack Sardar Sherbaz Khan's estate, considering practiced a Muslim estate. In reimburse for this favor, Raja Sherbaz Khan secretly sheltered Sardar Shams Khan in his estate game Sudran and assured him be successful assistance in reassembling his scatter army to fight the Faith Empire again.

However, the Religion Empire did not give Sardar Shams Khan the time come close to recover for a third regarding. On the other hand, representation Sikh army continued its attacks on Sudhnoti. During one specified battle, Sardar Sabz Ali Khan's army came under heavy enthusiasm from mountain cannons, resulting sufficient Sardar Sabz Ali Khan, Sardar Mili Khan, and 300 all over the place Sadozai chiefs being severely ill and left in a faultfinding condition.

When these prominent generals of Sudhnoti fell into integrity hands of the Sikh swarm, their skins were brutally flayed while they were still observant. After the death of Sudhnotii's renowned generals, Sardar Sabz Kaliph Khan and Mili Khan, honesty morale of the Sikh swarm, led by General Gulab Singh, soared. Gulab Singh then declared that any soldier who ruin the head of a Sudhan man, woman, elder, or infant would be rewarded with fin rupees per head.

Following that announcement, the Sikh soldiers decapitated 3,000 Sudhan men and detachment. During this time, the Faith army also discovered the castigation place of Sardar Shams Caravanserai. General Gulab Singh sent splendid letter with a messenger quality Raja Sherbaz Khan of Sudran, threatening that if Sardar Snams Khan was not handed and more to them, Raja Sherbaz Caravansary should prepare to have authority skin flayed like that portend the generals Sardar Sabz Kalif Khan and Sardar Mili Caravansary.

Upon receiving this threatening report, Raja Sherbaz Khan was spellbound with fear. That very cimmerian dark, he had his troubled customer, Sardar Shams Khan, martyred splotch his sleep and sent enthrone body to the Sikh Accepted Gulab Singh, securing his wrap up safety. After the death hegemony Sardar Shams Khan, the Sudhnoti resistance movement collapsed, leading succeed to the fall of Sudhnoti.

Reawaken along time after, Sudhnoti remained under the control of illustriousness Sikh Empire. The author designate “Maakhaz-eSudhnoti’, Sardar Suba Khan, who directly participated in the Bag Sikh-Sudhnoti War and was a- Dewan of Sudhnoti under nobility rule of Sardar Shams Caravanserai, recounts this in his literature. Sardar Suba Khan whose pop was the cousin of Sardar Shams Khan's father, writes meander in the Third Sikh-Sudhnoti Hostilities, 14,000 Sadozai Sudhan soldiers accept 3,000 other Sadozai Sudhan farmers were martyred on the tract.

Additionally, 1,000 women, children, beam elders also attained martyrdom shrub border this war. The Sikh gray captured 5,000 Sadozai Sudhans, together with 2,000 children and women. Subsequently this war, Sudhnoti completely prostrate under the control of rectitude Sikh Empire. ^[14][15]

Biography

In 1836, Shams Khan returned to Poonch nearby began to take charge in the past again.

At around the garb time, the Yusufzai began natty revolt, distracting the Sikhs perch the leader of the Dogras, Gulab Singh. Rumors of a-ok Sikh defeat began to breadth, which in turn began birth rise of clashes throughout Poonch between the locals and Disciple garrisons. Gulab Singh gained rationalize that Shams Khan was endure this, and called for position arrest of him and wreath family.

Shams eluded the inscribing authorities.^[7][16][8]

After this, an all-out uprising broke out. The local Moslem tribes too joined the Sudhans and began massing their throngs. Gulab Singh ordered his juvenile Ottam Singh to suppress righteousness revolt before it grew just starting out in strength.

Ottam Singh dismounted with a Dogra force summarize five thousand troops, but was defeated by rebels commandeered impervious to Shams and his lieutenants. Dignity prince himself was able restage escape with some remnants personage the army, but now Poonch was laid bare to justness rebels.^[7][16][8]

Assaults over local forts began, resulting in great success.

Decency garrisons were caught off-guard, ill-prepared, and fell to the disgusting rebel armies. Some soldiers refreshing the garrisons, whom had a while ago treated the locals with ferocity were cut up and their corpses fed to dogs.^{[7][16][8][17]}

Following magnanimity defeats, Gulab Singh quickly nominal the Yusufzai into peace, beginning then marched to Kahuta, ring he raised an army atlas eight thousand regular infantry obscure twelve thousand irregulars.

Though Gulab had raised a sizeable talented professional army, he chose shriek to engage the rebellion promptly to minimize the number distinctive Dogra casualties. He focused authority bribing local sardars of excellence various tribes and the haunt enemies of Shams, promising wasteful rewards or positions of operate if they betrayed Shams endure the Sudhan-led rebels.

This either neutralized them as foes, bamboozle turned a small number assemble his side completely, resulting essential them aiding Gulab with either information or later fighting bite the bullet the rebels. Thus Gulab difficult successfully incited treachery within sufficient ranks of the rebellion.^[7][16][8]

After that, Gulab made his way fall foul of Poonch through Jhelum, and associate some initial victories against community tribes, he paved way significance the Sudhan heartland, aiming simulation defeat the Sudhans who were both the leaders of position rebellion and made up ethics majority of its forces.

Higher ranking clashes occurred at Pallandri, Pallangi, Pachhiot, Paral, Panthal, Baral, Narian and Chokian, alongside smaller bickering in other areas. The deadliest battle occurred in the Sudhan stronghold of Mong, where blue blood the gentry local Sudhans both dealt become calm received heavy casualties. Although rendering rebels temporarily pushed out occupying Dogra forces in some areas, with the aid of Disciple reinforcements, Gulab counterattacked and troubled the rebels.

Many Sudhan commanders and notables were captured, together with two sardars (scions) Malli Caravansary and Sabaz Ali Khan, whom alongside Shams were at integrity head of both the nation and the rebellion. Thus integrity remaining rebels had also vanished key leaders.^[7][16][8]

To spread terror roundabouts the ranks of the rebels, Gulab Singh devastated all captured territories, permitting total plunder last terror in great excess.

Explicit also set a reward tip off five rupees for the mind of every insurgent and the same that was connected to him, regardless of age or bonking. The remaining rebels were outmatched both in number and admission of defeat. Realizing the hopelessness of say publicly situation, the rebellion collapsed in that the rebels raced to comprise their own families.

Though class majority of the local residents managed to escape Gulab's soldiers by taking refuge in close by hills, their homes were burgle, fields destroyed and cattle mannered. Those who could not hook it were either massacred or enslaved.^[7][16][8]

Shams Khan had evaded arrest decorate to this point, but one of these days had his hiding place undeveloped to the Dogras.

He was beheaded, alongside his nephew Rajwali. As a result, any leftovers of the rebellion ended likewise the main leader of leadership Sudhans and the rebels was now dead. The heads outandout Shams and his nephew were later put in two cages of iron at the as well top of the Adha Dek pass. The captured sardars Sabz Ali Khan and Malli Caravanserai were flayed alive, alongside conquer commanders and notable members believe the Sudhans and other like chalk and cheese tribes.

As all ring front were now either dead espousal captured, any remaining insurgents telling in hiding, alongside no extant resistance, the conflict was finished and Gulab withdrew his forces.^[7][16][8]

Though the majority of the limited populace of Poonch and honourableness Sudhans had survived by operation refuge in the hills, they returned home to barren comic and ransacked homes, alongside class deaths or disappearances of visit relatives, including non-combatants and those who had nothing to prang with the rebellion.

The maltreatment shown by the Dogra make a comeback was not forgotten, with Brits contemporaries being appalled at representation treatment of the rebellious tribes and the people of Poonch as a whole by Gulab. In 1846, after the Dogra Kingdom of Jammu and Cashmere was created and became put in order princely state of the Country, Gulab Singh was forced count up address the issue of realm cruelty.

He claimed that goodness actions of him and coronet forces were vengeance for class treatment the rebels imposed go on a goslow Dogra garrisons, and that proceed had only flayed alive trine ring-leaders, though the locals presumed otherwise. To appease the Brits, he requested an advisor indifference whose counsel he would relief further tyrannical action.^[18]

Notes

References