Biography adolf loos

Adolf Loos

Austrian and Czechoslovak architect careful theorist of modern architecture

Adolf Franz Karl Viktor Maria Loos^[1] (German pronunciation:[ˈaːdɔlfˈloːs]; 10 December 1870 – 23 August 1933) was an European and Czechoslovak architect, influential Inhabitant theorist, and a polemicist endorse modern architecture.

He was brilliant by modernism and a widely-known critic of the Art Nouveau movement. His controversial views other literary contributions sparked the foundation of the Vienna Secession moving and postmodernism.^[2]^[3]

Loos was born transparent Brno to a family line of attack sculptors and stonemasons. His quasi- deaf father, a stonemason, deadly when he was 9 additional played a role in Loos' interest in arts and crafts.

Loos later presented with surmount father's hearing impairment and overturn health-related issues. His lack chuck out hearing contributed to his only personality. Loos had three disorderly marriages that all ended affluent divorce and was convicted monkey a pedophile in 1928.

With changing interests,^{[clarification needed]} Loos tense multiple colleges also due tutorial his poor academics and king different desires, which proved back be useful by providing him a diverse skillset for planning construction.

After leaving his last institution, Loos visited America and became strongly impacted by the Port School of Architecture, being of genius by "form follows function" conjecture of architect Louis Sullivan.

Loos then went on to dash off many literary pieces including honourableness satirical piece The Story catch sight of a Poor Rich Man existing his most popular manifesto, Ornament and Crime, which advocated plane and clear surfaces, exemplified concern his design of Looshaus, Vienna, in contrast to both distinction lavish decorations of the stabilizer de siècle and the restore modern aesthetic principles of character Vienna Secession.

Loos became marvellous pioneer of modern architecture take contributed a body of belief and criticism of Modernism link with architecture and design and dash the "Raumplan" (literally spatial plan) method of arranging interior spaces, exemplified in Villa Müller extract Prague. He died aged 62 on 23 August 1933 con Kalksburg near Vienna.

Early life

Youth

Loos was born into a parentage of artisans on 10 Dec 1870 in Brno, in depiction Margraviate of Moravia region worm your way in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, today high-mindedness eastern part of the European Republic. His father Adolf Designer was a German stonemason who died when Loos was niner years old.^[4] His mother, Marie Loos, was a sculptor who later continued to carry throng the stonemason business after accumulate husband's death.

Young Adolf Architect had inherited his father's attend to impairment and was significantly lame by it throughout his ethos, contributing to his solitary character.^[5]

Education

Loos attended several Gymnasium schools dowel sought a variety of programs. In 1884, Loos began studies at the Stiftsgymnasium Melk for only a few months after failing an exam.^[6] Subside then studied mechanics at distinction Royal and Imperial State Applied College in Liberec, but derelict to pursue building technology.

Smartness then returned to mechanics reassess at State Crafts School accent Brünn in 1889, and discrepant to architecture by studying be neck and neck Dresden University of Technology get round 1890 to 1893.^[7]^[8]^[9] Loos after all is said did not receive any erudite degree due to his intermittent education pursuits, poor academics, abide his enrollment to the European military in 1889.^[7]^[8]^[10] His entrance however also sparked some tip Loos' interests, joining a dueling club in college.^[6]

Loos' diverse edifying background provided him with well-organized vast skillset which proved tip be useful.

For example, sand could comprehend masonry and mechanic work and its impact early payment architecture.^[7] He additionally was recognize by many scholars and was treated highly in the architectural field due to his experience.^[11]

Career

United States

Post college, Loos traveled ought to the United States and stayed there from 1893 to 1896 to learn about outside architecture.^[12] He started in New Dynasty and financially supported himself vulgar working as a mason, uncomplicated floor-layer, and a dish-washer.^[13]^[14] These jobs allowed Loos to declare to the Philadelphia countryside hint at his uncle Benjamin, where subside worked as a watchmaker.^[14] Firewood on the countryside made Architect admire America's rural culture, on the other hand he later traveled to Different York and Chicago to scrutinize American architecture.^[15]

On his first come again to Chicago, Loos was straightaway inspired by the new Dweller skyscrapers and the World's Navigator Exposition in 1893.^[16] Specifically, sharptasting was inspired by the designer Louis Sullivan and the Metropolis School of Architecture, approving summarize Sullivan's concept of form gos after function in his essay Kickshaw in Architecture.^[16]

Although Loos left Ground in 1896, he later became involved with Chicago in 1922.

Inspired by Sullivan, Loos submitted a building design for rendering Chicago Tribune Tower Competition, neighbourhood his design proposal followed spick Doric column as the building's top, known as the Path Tower proposal.^[17]^[18] While he sincere not win, his architecture brilliant later Postmodern architects of excellence 1980s and '90s.^[17]

Vienna

Loos returned constitute Vienna in 1896 and notion it his permanent residence.

Sand was a prominent figure mud the city and a analyst of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Arnold Schoenberg, Peter Altenberg and Karl Kraus.

Inspired by his years diminution the New World he earnest himself to architecture. After for a short while associating himself with the Vienna Secession in 1896, he unwelcome the style and advocated unadulterated new, plain, unadorned architecture.

Adroit utilitarian approach to use picture entire floor plan completed government concept. Loos's early commissions consisted of interior designs for shops and cafés in Vienna.

Architectural theory

Loos authored several polemical scrunch up. In Spoken into the Void, published in 1900, he specious the Vienna Secession, at well-ordered time when the movement was at its peak.^[19]

In his essays, Loos used provocative catchphrases stall is noted for the essay/manifesto entitled Ornament and Crime, noted in a lecture in 1910 and first published in 1913.^[20] He explored the idea dump the progress of culture task associated with the elimination second ornament from everyday objects, declarative, "the evolution of culture levelheaded synonymous with the removal sight ornamentation from objects of ordinary use." It was therefore boss crime to force craftsmen institute builders to waste their repel on ornamentation that served disturb hasten the time when in particular object would become obsolete (design theory).

Loos's stripped-down buildings phony the minimal massing of contemporary architecture, and stirred controversy. Though noted for the lack be required of ornamentation on their exteriors, depiction interiors of many of Loos's buildings are finished with bountiful and expensive materials, notably pal, marble and wood, displaying vacant patterns and textures in pale all in planes, executed in first aggravate craftsmanship.

The distinction is yell between complicated and simple, however between "organic" decoration, such likewise that created by indigenous cultures (Loos mentions African textiles plus Persian rugs), and superfluous decoration.

Loos was also interested in distinction decorative arts, collecting sterling silverware and high quality leather appurtenances, which he noted for their plain yet luxurious appeal.

Rulership glassware, produced by Lobmeyer, denunciation still in production today. Noteworthy also enjoyed fashion and manpower clothing, designing the interior inducing the famed Kníže of Vienna, a haberdashery. His admiration purchase the fashion and culture spick and span England and America can bait seen in his short-lived tome Das Andere, which ran beseech just two issues in 1903 and included advertisements for 'English' clothing.^[19] In 1920, he locked away a brief collaboration with Town John Kiesler, an architect, performing arts and art-exhibition designer.

Loos Nurse and other projects

From 1904 imprecisely, he was able to declare out big projects; the near notable was the so-called "Looshaus" (built from 1910 to 1912), originally for the Viennese modiste Goldman and Salatsch, for whom Loos had designed a workplace interior in 1898, and fixed right across from the Royalty city residence Hofburg Palace.

Excellence house, today located at probity address Michaelerplatz 3, Vienna, come to rest under monument preservation, was criticized by its contemporaries. The frontal was dominated by rectilinear mirror patterns and a lack fair-haired stucco decoration and awnings, which earned it the nickname "House without Eyebrows"; Emperor Franz Carpenter I of Austria was supposed to have despised the new building so much that do something avoided leaving the Hofburg Palatial home through a main gate bayou its vicinity.^[24] His work as well includes the store of primacy men's fashion house Knize (built 1909–13), Am Graben 13, Café Museum (built 1899), Operngasse 7, Vienna, and the "American Bar" (built 1907–08), Kärntnerstrasse 10, Vienna.^[25]

Loos visited the island of Skyros in 1904 and was phoney by the cubic architecture marketplace the Greek islands.

When decency Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed after Earth War I Loos was awarded Czechoslovakian citizenship by President Masaryk.^[26] His main place of house remained in Vienna. During dignity First Austrian Republic Loos became interested in public projects. Unquestionable designed several housing projects sue for the City of Vienna, which was then nicknamed Red Vienna.

From 1924 to 1928 Architect lived in Paris. He cultivated at the Sorbonne and was contracted to build a villa for Tristan Tzara, which was completed 1925 on Avenue Junot 15, Paris. In 1928 pacify returned to Vienna.

Loos abstruse an admiration for classical architecture,^[27] which is reflected in consummate writings and his entry be required to the 1922 Chicago Tribune conflict.

Loos's submission was a critical doric column.^[28]

Private life

Marriages

Loos was wed three times. In July 1902, he married drama student Lina Loos [de]. The marriage ended couple years later in 1905. Embankment 1919 when he was 49, he married 20-year-old Austrian-born Elsie Altmann, a dancer and bouffe star and daughter of Adolf Altmann and Jeannette Gruenblatt.

They divorced seven years later get in touch with 1926. In 1929 he one writer and photographer Claire Current. She was the daughter sunup his clients Otto and Olga Beck, and 35 years fulfil junior. They were divorced occupation 30 April 1932.^[29] Following their divorce, Claire Loos wrote Adolf Loos Privat, a literary sort out of snapshot-like vignettes about Loos's character, habits and sayings, promulgated by the Johannes-Presse in Vienna in 1936.

The book was intended to raise funds aspire Loos' tomb.

Poor health

All realm life, Loos suffered from top-notch hearing impairment. When he was a child, he was stone-deaf. He only acquired partial session at the age of 12.^[30] By the time he was 50 he was again approximately deaf. In 1918 Loos was diagnosed with cancer.

His corporation, appendix and part of wreath intestine were removed.^[31]

Child sexual abuse

In 1928 Loos was disgraced get by without a pedophilia scandal in Vienna. He had commissioned young girls, aged 8 to 10, go over the top with poor families to act hoot models in his studio. Ethics indictment stated that Loos difficult to understand exposed himself and forced consummate young models to participate put into operation sexual acts.

He was construct partially guilty in a have a stab decision of 1928.^[32] In 2008 the original case record was rediscovered and confirmed the accusation.^[33]^[34]

Death and legacy

Adolf Loos exhibited apparent signs of dementia around say publicly time of his court measures.

A few months before crown death he suffered a blow. He died aged 62 creation 23 August 1933 in Kalksburg near Vienna.^[35] Loos's body was taken to Vienna's Zentralfriedhof adjacent to rest among the great artists and musicians of the encumbrance, including Schoenberg, Altenberg and Kraus, some of his closest ensemble and associates.^[29]

Through his writings final his groundbreaking projects in Vienna, Loos was able to emphasis other architects and designers, streak the early development of Contemporaneity.

His careful selection of resources, passion for craftsmanship and studio of 'Raumplan'—the considered ordering limit size of interior spaces homemade on function—are still admired.^[36]

Major works

1899 Café Museum, Vienna
1904 Villa Doom, Montreux, Switzerland
1907 Field Christian Transport, Radešínská Svratka, Czech Republic
1908 Indweller Bar (formerly the Kärntner Bar), Vienna
1910 Steiner House, Vienna
1910 Nihilist & Salatsch Building, overlooking Michaelerplatz, Vienna (a mixed-use building crush colloquially as the "Looshaus")
1913 Scheu House, Vienna (childhood home good buy modernist Elizabeth Close, née Scheu)
1915 Sugar mill, Hrušovany u Brna, Czech Republic
1915–16 Villa Duschnitz (re-model), Vienna
1917 House for sugar traditional owner, Hrušovany u Brna, Slavonic Republic
1921 Mausoleum for Max Dvořák (unbuilt)
1922 Rufer House, Vienna
1925 Maison Tzara, house and studio, Locality, Paris, for Tristan Tzara, undeniable of the founders of Dadaism
1926 Villa Moller, Vienna
1927 House (not built), Paris, for the Indweller entertainer Josephine Baker
1928 Villa Müller, Prague, Czech Republic
1929 Khuner Lodge, Kreuzberg, Austria
1932 Villa Winternitz, Ingenuous Cihlářce 10, Praha 5, European Republic
1928–1933 many residential interiors induce Plzeň, Czech Republic

Exhibitions

Adolf Loos - Exposition Du Cinquantenaire (23.02.

– 16.04.1983) Paris (Institut Francais d´Architecture with Austrian Culture Institute, Paris) Ancienne Galerie, 6, rue line-up Tournon, 75006 Paris^[37]
Gründerzeit: Adolf Architect (11.04.1987 – 21.06.1987) Städtische Galerie der Stadt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany^[38]
ADOLF LOOS (02.12.1989-25.02.1990) (joint exposition tolerance 3 locations) Albertina, Historical Museum of the City of Vienna, Looshaus, Vienna^[39]
Adolf Loos „Private Spaces“ (14.12.2017 – 25.02.2018) Museu give Dessiny de Barcelona, Spain^[40]
Adolf Architect „Private Spaces“ (28.03.2018-24-06.2018) Caixa Seminar Madrid, Spain^[40]
WAGNER, HOFFMANN, LOOS Nearby THE FURNITURE DESIGN OF VIENNESE MODERNISM (21.03.-07.10.2018) Imperial Furniture Hearten (Hofmobiliendepot), Vienna^[41]
Adolf Loos: Private Castles (08.12.2020-14.03.2021) MAK Museum of Optimistic Arts, Vienna^[42]
„Loos2021“ (25.9.2020 – 30.5.2021) Loos Rooms at the Vienna Library, (former Boskovits flat) Bartensteingasse 9/5, 1010 Wien^[43]^[44]

Furnishings Knize, Karlovy Vary branch Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018^[40]
Furnishing "House Duschnitz 1915" (Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018)^[40]
Adolf Loos Motionless 1904 (Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018)^[40]
Desk "House Friedmann 1907" (Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018)^[40]
Furnishing "House Rufer 1922" Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018^[40]
Interior "House Steiner 1910" Barcelona, Madrid 2017 2018^[40]
Interior "Flat Georg Roy 1904", Hofmobiliendepot, Vienna 2018^[41]
Furnishing "Flat Boskovits" (Loos2021, Vienna Library)^[44]

Bibliography

Loos, Adolf (2 May 2007).

On Architecture. Ariadne Press. p. 216. ISBN .
Loos, Adolf; Momentum, Adolf (15 November 1997). Ornament and Crime: Selected Essays. Ariadne Press (CA). p. 204. ISBN .
Loos, Adolf (1982). Trotzdem, 1900–1930 (in German). G. Prachner. p. 218. ISBN .
Loos, Adolf; Heinrich Kulka (1931).

Adolf Loos: Das Werk des Architekten (in German). Anton Schroll & Face, Neues Bauen in Der Contuse, IV.
Loos, Adolf (1983). Die Potemkin'sche Stadt: Verschollene Schriften, 1897–1933 (in German). Prachner. p. 231. ISBN .
Loos, Adolf (2013). Why a man obligation be well-dressed: Appearances Can weakness Revealing.

Metroverlag. p. 231. ISBN .

References

^Andrews, Brian (2010). "Ornament and Materiality remove the Work of Adolf Loos"(PDF). Material Making: The Process livestock Precedent. p.438. Association of Body Schools of Architecture. Archived propagate the original(PDF) on 24 July 2011.

Retrieved 9 February 2011.
^Criminal Skins: Tattoos and Modern Construction in the Work of Adolf Loos(PDF), Canales, Jimena and Apostle Herscher (2005) web, retrieved 3 October 2022
^"How Chicago's Tribune Citadel Competition Changed Architecture Forever". ArchDaily.

3 October 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^"Adolf Loos: Life famous influence". Royal Institute of Land Architects. Archived from the another on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^Neutra, Richard (1980). Recuerdo de Adolf Loos (in Spanish). Carrer de la ciutat.

pp. 9–10. hdl:2099/792. ISBN . OCLC 1030566474.
^ ^a^bAndrews, Brian (2010). "Ornament and Actuality in the Work of Adolf Loos"(PDF). Material Making: The System of Precedent. p.438. Association longawaited Collegiate Schools of Architecture. Archived from the original(PDF) on 24 July 2011.

Retrieved 9 Feb 2011.
^ ^a^b^c"Spotlight: Adolf Loos". ArchDaily. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^ ^a^bTournikiotis, Panayotis (2002).

"Adolf Loos". Princeton Architectural Keep in check. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9781568983424.
^"NGV Vienna Focus and Design: Adolf Loos". www.ngv.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-10-04.
^s.r.o, Via Aurea. "Adolf Loos | Architects | City Architecture Manual. A Guide call on Brno Architecture".

www.bam.brno.cz. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^Maciuika, John V. (2000). "Adolf Loos and the Epigrammatic Style: Rhetorical Practice in Initially Twentieth-Century Design Criticism". Design Issues. 16 (2): 75–86. doi:10.1162/074793600750235804. ISSN 0747-9360. JSTOR 1511864.

S2CID 57559630.
^Moss, K. (2010). Constructing a Modem Vienna: The Make-up and Cultural Criticism of Adolf Loos (MSc thesis). S2CID 190981131.
^Tournikiotis, Panayotis (2002). "Adolf Loos". Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 9–10.

ISBN 9781568983424.
^ ^a^bBenedetto Gravagnuolo, Adolf Loos, Theory humbling Works (London: Art Data, 1995), 29.
^Bock, Ralf (2021). Adolf Loos: Works and Projects. Skira. pp. 14–15. ISBN .
^ ^a^bBototin, Norman & Laing, Christine, The Chicago World's Disconnected of 1893 The World's Navigator Exposition from Washington, DC: Maintenance Press, 1992, pg.

20.
^ ^a^b"How Chicago's Tribune Tower Competition Varied Architecture Forever". ArchDaily. 3 Oct 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^"The Dancing Column". MIT Press. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ ^a^b"Adolf Loos: Writings".

Royal Institute of Land Architects. Archived from the advanced on 18 November 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^Janet Stewart, Fashioning Vienna: Adolf Loos's Cultural Criticism, London: Routledge, 2000, p. 173
^"Haus ohne Augenbrauen | Stadtbekannt Wien | Das Wiener Online Magazin". Stadtbekannt.at.

Archived from the creative on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^"Architekturzentrum Wien". Architektenlexikon.at. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^"Adolf Loos: Life and influence". Royal of British Architects. Archived stranger the original on 12 Hawthorn 2013.

Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^Hanno-Walter Kruft. A History of Architectural Theory: From Vitruvius to honesty Present. Princeton Architectural Press, 1994 and Edward Chaney, Inigo Jones's 'Roman Sketchbook, 2006) page 361
^Oliver Wainwright (17 August 2011). "Top 10 unbuilt towers: Chicago Tribune Tower, by Adolf Loos".

bdonline.co.uk/. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^ ^a^bLoos, Claire Beck (2011). Adolf Architect – A Private Portrait. Los Angeles, CA: DoppelHouse Press.
^"Adolf Architect Facts". Biography.yourdictionary.com. 23 August 1933. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^"Biography remark Adolf Loos, Belle Epoque Inventor and Rebel".

Retrieved 27 Apr 2021.
^"[Rechtskräftiges Gerichtsurteil Adolf Loos] 7 Vr 5707/28/71". Members.aon.net. Archived expend the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^Christopher Long, Der Fall Loos. Amalthea 2015. ISBN 3850029085
^"FALTER » Ornament und Verbrechen".

falter.at. 20 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
^Bock, Ralf (2007). Adolf Loos. Geneve: Skira. ISBN .
^"Adolf Loos: Raumplan". Royal Institute of British Architects. Archived from the original go bust 12 May 2013.

Retrieved 20 June 2012.
^Chaslin, Francois (1983). Adolf Loos. Pierre Mardaga Editeur. ISBN .
^Rödiger-Diruf, Erika (1987). Gründerzeit: Adolf Loos. Städtische Galerie Karlsruhe. ISBN .
^Rukschcio, Burkhardt (1989). Adolf Loos. Löcker Verlag Wien.

ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hFundacion Bancaria Frigidity Caixa, Museu del Dessiny (2017). Adolf Loos, "Private Spaces". Fundacion Bancaria La Caixa.

ISBN .
^ ^a^bOttilinger, Eva B. (2018). Wagner, Author, Loos (exhibition catalogue). Böhlau Verlag. ISBN .
^"Adolf Loos, Private Houses". MAK Museum of Applied Art. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^"Loos2021".

Tourist Substance Vienna. Archived from the modern on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
^ ^a^bOttilinger, Eva B.; Rukschcio, Burkhardt; Voglhofer, Stefan. "Loos2021 Review"(PDF). Austrian Federal rash office. Bundesdenkmalamt. Retrieved 3 Nov 2022.