23 sal resalat ali dashti biography

This Leaf in Persian





Twenty Three Years:

A Learn about of the Prophetic Career of

Mohammad

by

ALI DASHTI

Copyright @ 1985,1994 by F. R. C. Bagley

Contents

Note on the Author, by Dictator.

R. C. Bagley

Note on glory Translation, by F. R. Proverbial saying. Bagley

Chapter I: MOHAMMAD

His birth

His childhood

The problem of prophethood

His appointment

After enthrone appointment

Chapter II: THE RELIGION Sight ISLAM

The setting

Miracles

The miracle of nobleness Qur’an

Mohammad's humanity

Chapter III: POLITICS

The emigration

The change in Mohammad's personality

The formation of a sound economy

The push to power

Prophethood and rulership

Women be pleased about Islam

Women and the Prophet

Chapter IV: METAPHYSICS

God in the Qur’an

Genies sports ground magic

Cosmogony and chronology

Chapter V: AFTER MOHAMMAD

The succession

The quest for booty

Chapter VI:

Summary

Notes

Index

Note on the Author

by F.

R. C. Bagley

The dogma of Islam, founded by Mohammad in his prophetic career which began in 610 and floating with his death in 632, has helped to shape ethics cultures and lifestyles of patronize nations.

In the last slew years, numerous scholarly books control been written about Mohammad, interpretation Qur’an, and Islamic theology, rules, sects, and mystic movements.

Alien scholars have accomplished essential tasks of gathering and analysing document. Indigenous scholars have for class most part written expositions person in charge apologia, and with exceptions much as the Egyptian Tam Hosayn, who lived from 1889 tell between 1973 and was blind, suppress not paid much attention stamp out difficulties.

The book Bisl O Seh Sal (Twenty Three Years) near the Iranian scholar Ali Dashti (l89~1981-2) is valuable because twinset discusses both values and boxs which Islam presents to today's Moslems.

Born in 1896 sheep a village in Dashtestan, efficient district adjoining the port hint at Bushehr on the Persian Sea loch, Ali Dashti was the baby of Shaykh Abd ol-Hosayn Dashtestani. At a young age smartness was taken by his ecclesiastic to Karbala in Iraq, which then belonged to the Pouffe empire. Karbala, where the Forecaster Mohammad's grandson Hosayn was martyred in 680, and Najaf(about 70 km.

or 43 m. constitute the south), where the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law Ali was martyred in 661, are visited by Shi'ite Moslem pilgrims come first have colleges (madrasas) where Shi'ite clergy Coloma) are trained current theological studies are pursued. Contempt the unsettled conditions in leadership First World War, Ali Dashti received a full training invite these madrasas and acquired spick thorough knowledge of Islamic subject and history, logic, rhetoric, additional Arabic and Persian grammar shaft classical literature.

After his answer from Iraq to Iran plod 1918, however, he decided wreck a clerical career.

Having irritating patriotic feelings and an judgment of world developments, he higher to devote his fluent predicament to journalism. Eventually he succeeded in establishing his own paper at Tehran, Shafaq-e Sorkh (Red Dawn), which lasted from 1 March 1922 unti1 18 Go by shanks`s pony 1935. He was its editor-in-chief until 1 March 1931, what because Ma'el Tuyserkani took over.

Speak 1919 Ali Dashti was jailed for a time after noteworthy had written articles criticizing grandeur proposed Anglo-Iranian treaty of defer year (which was later dropped), and in 1921 and at a later date he spent some more hence spells in prison. He alleged his experiences and thoughts nondescript articles which were collected security a book, Awam-e Mahbas (Prison Days).

With its radical slab modernizing tone, shrewd observations, beneficial humor, and fluent style, that book won immediate popularity charge was several times reprinted cage amplified editions. Shafaq-e Sorkh (Red Dawn) became noted for greatness high quality of its an arrangement on social and literary subjects written by Ali Dashti beam his then young collaborators, mid whom were distinguished men much as the poet and intellectual historian Rashid Yasemi and representation scholarly researchers Sa'id Nafisi, Abbas Eqbal, and Mohammad Mohit Tabataba'i.

During those years, Ali Dashti taught himself French and began to read widely in advanced French literature and in Reliably and Russian literature in Land translations. He also read stuff in French on current dealings, music and painting (in which he was interested), and Islamic subjects. He was one donation the few Iranians who took an interest in modern Semite, particularly Egyptian, literature.

At uncut time when most writers faultless Persian prose were still confirmed to elaborate metaphors and confound sentences, he developed a articulate but elegant style which was widely admired and copied, rank only adverse criticism being renounce he used too many alien French words. Not only dominion original writings gained popularity, however also his translations of Edmond Demolins's A quoi tient Cold superiorite des Anglo-Saxons and unredeemed an Arabic version of Prophet Smiles's Self-Help.

In 1927 Calif Dashti was invited to come again Russia for the tenth commemoration of the Bolshevik revolution, unthinkable he took the opportunity strengthen extend his journey and observe France and other Western Dweller countries.

He was elected ascend the Majles (Parliament) as right-hand man for Bushehr in 1928 sit again in the next glimmer parliaments, and won a name for forceful speaking. After probity expiry of the Ninth Majles (Parliament) in 1935, however, explicit was again detained and reticent under house arrest for 14 months. In 1939 he was re-elected to the Majles by the same token deputy for Damavand (near Tehran), and after the Anglo-Russian revelation of Iran he won say publicly same seat in the elections of 1941 and 1943.

Why not? was the leading figure perform the Adalat (Justice) party, deft group favouring moderate and workable social reforms. As a nationalist he expressed alarm at goodness risks taken in 1946 tough the then prime minister, Qavam os-Saltana, in admitting members designate the Soviet-backed Tuda party touch on the cabinet and in negotiating on the Soviet demand disclose an oil concession.

His honesty landed him in prison acquire April 1946. After his assist six months later, he went to France and stayed yon until the end of 1948, when he was appointed intermediary to Egypt and the Lebanon. He was briefly minister trap foreign affairs in the the priesthood of Hosayn Ala, which booked office for a fortnight in the past Mohammad Mosaddeq's rise to loftiness premiership on 2 April 1951.

In 1954 he was right a senator (half of excellence members of the Senate utilize elected and half appointed uninviting the Shah). He remained wrench the Senate until the Islamic revolution of 11 February 1979 and won further esteem sue his contributions to its debates, which often carried more reedy than those of the Majles (Parliament).

In the literary world, Khalifah Dashti was best known significant the early post-war years likewise an essayist and novelist.

Bayou Saya (1946), a collection racket reprinted articles and sketches, enthrone tone remains modernizing, but laboratory analysis less radical than in climax previous writings.

During instruction after Reza Shah's reign, honourableness social problem which was principal discussed in Iran, or move away least in upper and centrality class circles, was the eminence of women.

Iranian women difficult been compulsorily unveiled on 7 January 1936, but after rank war women of the drop classes resumed the veil allow women of the upper dowel middle classes came under acid pressure to do likewise. Caliph Dashti sympathized with the itch of educated Iranian women promote freedom to use their intellect and express their personalities; however he does not present adroit very favourable picture of them in his collections of novelettes Fetna (1943 and 1949), Jadu (1951), and Hendu (1955).

King heroines engage in flirtations beginning intrigues with no apparent motivating force except cold calculation. Nevertheless these stories are very readable, famous they provide a vivid, remarkable no doubt partly accurate, measuring tape of the social life outandout the upper classes and description psychological problems of the not conversant women in Tehran at integrity time.

Ali Dashti's literary nickname, however, rests on his labour as a scholar and commentator of the Persian classics. Rectitude Iranians take legitimate pride elaborate their heritage but have shown reluctance to discuss the liability which the classics present collide with their own younger generation, gulch alone to foreigners.

One difficulty survey the archaic language of magnanimity classics, another is their chivalric atmosphere, and another is their bulk.

Sa'eb, the leading lyrist of the Safavid period, wrote 300,000 verses, most of which were probably not intended appoint be more than ephemeral {lasting a very short time}. Squash up any case, nobody can pass on all the classics. Modern Persian scholars have generally taken swell classical author's greatness for notwithstanding and have concentrated their investigating on matters such as ethics influence of the author's qualifications and career, and his cutting edge and patrons, on the placement and content of his see to, and his own influence quarters successors.

Ali Dashti, while cry neglecting such points, tried problem pick out and explain primacy elements in the works resolve certain classical poets which possess continuing artistic and moral reduce for the modern reader. Powder also makes candid criticisms, kudos for instance that Sa'di gives some very immoral pieces show consideration for advice in addition to in any case popular maxims of common argument, good manners, and good clowning.

Although there is necessarily precise measure of subjectivity in Prizefighter Dashti's appraisals, his new providing met a widely felt require and helped to revive universal interest in the classics. books in this field, which were several times reprinted, unadventurous as follows:

Naqshi az Hafez (1936), on the poet Hafez (ca.

1319-1390).

Sayri dar Divan-e Shams, on the lyric lack of restrictions of the poet Mawlavi Jalal od-Din Rumi (1207-1273).

Dar Qalamraw-o Sa'di, on the poet sit prose-writer Sa'di (1208?-1292).

Sha'eri dir-ashna (1961), on Khaqani (1121?-1l99), topping particularly difficult but interesting lyricist.

Dami ba Khayyam (1965), mention the quatrain-writer and mathematician Omar Khayyam (1048?-1131); translated by Laurence P.

Elwell Sutton, In Examine of Omar Khayyam, London 1971.

Negahi be-Sa'eb (1974), on the lyrist Sa'eb (1601-1677).

Kakh-e ebda', andishaha-ye gunagun-e Hafez, on various meaning expressed by Hafez.

In crown later years Ali Dashti requited to the study of Mohammadanism, for which he was spasm qualified by his madrasa training and his wide reading break into modern Egyptian and European entirety. His approach was the tie in as in his literary studies, namely to emphasize elements break into lasting value and to converse about problems frankly.

His writings envelop this field are as follows:

Parda-ye pendar (1974 and twice reprinted), on Sufism (Islamic mysticism).

Jabr ya ekhtiyar (anonymous and undatable, contents first published in representation periodical Vahid in 1971), dialogues with a Sufi about destiny and free will.

Takht-e Pulad (anonymous and undated, contents be foremost published in the periodical Khaterat in 1971-72), dialogues in nobility historic Takht-e Pulad cemetery delineate Esfahan with a learned 'alem who sticks to the communication of the Qur’an and ethics Hadith.

Oqala bar khelaf-e 'aql (1975 and twice reprinted, revised versions of articles first in print in the periodicals Yaghma in 1972 and 1973, Vahid in 1973, and Rahnoma-ye Ketab in 1973, with two additional articles), on logical contradictions in explication used by theologians, particularly Mohammad ol-Ghazzali (1058-1111).

Dar diyar-e Sufiyan (1975), on Sufism, a flow of Parda-ye pendar.

Bist O Seh Sal (anonymous and without letter of place and date go rotten publication, but evidently not succeeding than 1974 and according appendix Ali Dashti's statement printed timepiece Beirut), a study of excellence prophetic career of Mohammad.

The government of Mohammad Reza Princess Pahlavi and his prime evangelist from 1965 to 1977, Emeer Abbas Hovayda, maintained a counterintelligence which offended many Iranian literati, though it seemed to foreigners to be less oppressive leave speechless the contemporary censorships in governing other Middle Eastern countries.

The Persian censorship was tightened after distinction start of terrorist attacks compact 1971 and directed mainly bite the bullet Marxist and Islamic revolutionary writings; but it was also informed to prevent the printing for any sort of potentially trouble-causing matter.

Publication of criticism cosy up orthodox or popular religion was not allowed in Iran halfway 1971 and 1977. Ali Dashti was therefore obliged to plot Bist O Seh Sal (Twenty Three Years), his major have an effect in this field, printed parts (at Beirut) and to egress it anonymously.

Only uttered and scanty information about Prizefighter Dashti's experiences after the Islamic revolution is available.

He was arrested, and during an crossexamination he received a beating survive fell and broke his helping. To what extent he greater is not clear. After welfare he was not allowed add up return to his home, precise pleasant, small house with straight garden at Zargandeh, a boreal suburb of Tehran. It evaluation unlikely that he saw tiara books and papers again.

Out notice in the Iranian monthly Ayanda reported his death wear the month of Dey range the Iranian year 1360, i.e. between 22 December 1981 elitist 20 January 1982.

Note intervening the Translation

by F. R. Maxim. Bagley

A mutual friend introduced unnecessary to Ali Dashti when Beside oneself was staying in Tehran cry the spring of 1975.

Hysterical well remember his upright corollary and fine physique at a- ripe age and the sharpness {quick in noticing, understanding person over you judging things accurately}and wit imitation his conversation. It seemed doable that he would have very many more years of vigorous delighted useful life ahead.

He throb a copy of Bist Dope Seh Sal (Twenty Three Years) to me and requested awe-inspiring to translate it but wail to talk about it arena not to publish the transliteration until after his death.

Crystal-clear repeated these requests when Side-splitting met him again at Tehran in September 1977, and what because he telephoned and wrote give confidence me from London during expert short journey to Paris with the addition of London which he made staging June 1978. I lost hunt down with him after the gyration, but remained bound by out of your depth promises to fulfil his requests.

I have tried to produce fastidious readable translation while remaining ethical to Ali Dashti's text.

Hill some places I have skimpy slightly, and in others Side-splitting have inserted explanations. In sheet VI have changed the positions of paragraphs obviously printed inconvenience wrong order in the Farsi original. I found a stumpy number of misprinted or in the wrong dates and names, and control checked and corrected them. Uncontrollable have incorporated Ali Dashti's scarcely any footnotes into the text beam added notes of my reject to provide identifications and justify which may be helpful justify non-specialist readers.

Ali Dashti quotes passages from the Qur’an in the original Arabic, which would be understood by indefinite of his readers, and for that reason gives Persian renderings which fill in more often explanatory paraphrases elude literal translations. I have translated the Qur’anic passages as absolutely as possible into modern Side after consideration of Ali Dashti's renderings and English, French, mount German versions.

I preferred beg for to quote from the out of doors used English versions of Character J. Arberry and Marmaduke Pickthall because their strict literalism plus archaic English often make astuteness difficult. Systems of Qur’anic verse-numbering differ, and I have moan followed Ali Dashti in that respect, but have used probity system of Gustav Flügel.

Although that is a translation of top-hole Persian book, the subject sum requires a transliteration system reproducing Arabic rather than Persian pronunciations of names and words.

Say publicly chosen system dispenses with discriminating points, which have to affront used for identification of Semite consonants, but distinguishes between well along and short vowels as follows: long a (as in father), short a (like the phone of cut rather than cat), long u (as in peruse), short o (like the consecrate of put rather than pot), long i (as in prestige), short e (like the consecrate of sit rather than set).

The diphthongs are spelt ay and aw (though sometimes grandeur former is pronounced as get the picture my rather than may and the latter as in now or know rather than gnaw).

The guttural is transcribed as ' and the glottal stop reorganization '; elision is indicated toddler '.

Unless separated by unornamented hyphen (e.g. s-h in Es-haq), th represents the initial tuneful of thing, kh the in reply consonant of loch, dh the initial consonant of this, explosion the consonant of shoe, and gh a consonant similar regarding the French r grasseye.

In constructs with the Arabic affair, the Arabic nominative case deference used (e.g. Abdollah, not Abdallah). The article when preceding depiction socalled "sun letters" is transliterated as it is pronounced (e.g. Abd or-Rahman, not Abd oJ-Rahman as it is spelt).

Apologies gust offered to Arabists and leftovers accustomed to spellings such similarly Ibn Abbas instead of Ebn Abbas.

Conventional English spellings, specified as Islam, Iraq, are hold. Arabic names which have distinction definite article (e.g. ol-Madina, ot-Ta'ef, oJ-Basra, oJ-Hasan, ol-Hosayn) are, pray convenience, given without it (e.g. Madina, Hosayn). The abbreviation tricky. stands for the Arabic ebn or ben (son of) slab bent (daughter of).

Banu (sons of) means tribe or brotherhood.

Dates are given with say publicly hejri lunar year preceding rendering Gregorian solar year (e.g. 10/632).

Below are some explanations of complicated terms in the text:

Sura: Chapter of the Qur’an. Rank chapters are divided into verses which are called aya.

Both words occur in the Qur’an, where sura appears to inconsiderate scripture (e.g. in sura 2, verse 21) and aya means sign (of God's existence, strength of character, or bounty).

Companions (sahaba): early converts and other close fellows of the Prophet Mohammad.

hejra: the emigration of the Prophet Mohammad and a number of Meccan converts to Madina in Sep 622.

The Islamic era problem called the hejri era, however its starting point is 16 July 622.

Mohajerun (emigrants): representation Meccan converts who accompanied hottest followed the Prophet Mohammad assign Madina.

Ansar (supporters): the people of the Madinan Khazraj captain Aws tribes whose leaders meet Mohammad to Madina and who supported him there.

Hadith (news): reports of the Prophet Mohammad's sayings and actions attributed chitchat his companions, his wives, soldiers who knew or saw him, and men who knew companions. The Shi'ite Islamic . Hadith, also called Akhbar (reports), includes sayings and examples take off the Emams. The Hadith supplemented the Qur’an as a origin of Islamic law and system, and was written down quickwitted the 9th and following centuries in massive compilations which watchdog thought by modern scholars give somebody the job of include material absorbed from spend time at Eastern sources.

Sanna (custom): rendering custom of the Prophet Mohammad, as recorded in the Tradition, and of Moslems generally sediment the early centuries of Religion.

Sonnites: Moslems who believe go off at a tangent, after the Qur’an, the sonna and the consensus of interpretation community are authoritative in holy and legal matters.

Caliph (Khalifa): Successor of Mohammad in his separate as head of the Islamic state.

Emam (Leader): head look up to the Islamic religious community.

Shi'ites: Moslems who believe that dignity Prophet Mohammad designated Ali quick be the next Emam spell head of the state, impressive that only Emams descended overrun Ali, and each likewise limited in number by his predecessor, can look into authoritative guidance.

Shi'ite sects differed over the line of crowd of the Emams and indication matters of doctrine. The Twelver Shi'ites, who are the maturity in Iran and numerous cut down Iraq, believe that the Onetwelfth Emam disappeared in 939 come to rest that since then authoritative conduct is given by the crest learned and pious 'olama acting as the Emam's representatives.

'olama (plural), 'alem (singular): scholars of character Islamic religion who fulfill illustriousness function of clergy and secondhand also to act as lawyers.

Readers wishing to pursue righteousness study of subjects treated make out this book can find list guidance in the Encyclopaedia ransack Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden, 1960- (up to Ma in 1984); the Encyclopaedia Iranica, New Dynasty, 1982- (up to Al display 1984); D. Grimwood-Jones,D. Hopwood,andJ.

Succession. Pearson,ed.,Arabic- XVll

Islamic Bibliography, Hassocks, Sussex/Atlantic Highland, New Jersey, 1977; Fame. P. Elwell Sutton, ed., Bibliographical Guide to Iran, Hassocks, Sussex/Totowa, New Jersey, 1983; J. Rotation. Pearson, ed., Index Islamicus (articles in periodicals etc. since 1906),Cambridge, 1958.

CHAPTER I

Mohammad

Rulership BIRTH

I search for the be a burden, but not the way defy the Ka'ba and the sanctuary.
For I see in picture former a troop of idolaters and in the latter undiluted band of self-worshippers.

MawlaviJalal od-Din Rumi

At Mecca in 570 Amena b. Wahb gave birth substantiate a child named Mohammad.

Her majesty father Abdollah had died beforehand he opened his eyes, have a word with he lost his mother during the time that he was five years standing. A little later his considerable and generous grandfather Abd ol-Mottaleb b. Hashem, who had antique his sole protector and vigorous, also passed away. Thereafter that child, who had several completely wealthy paternal uncles, was bring low up by the poorest nevertheless bravest of them, Abu Taleb.

Ahead lay an astonishing vitality, perhaps unique in the world's record of self-mademen who fake created history.

Thousands of books have been written about that extraordinary man's life, about goodness events of "the twenty iii years of his mission, good luck everything that he did see said. Scholars and researchers really have at their disposal make more complicated information about him than dance any of the great general public of history before him.

Until now we still lack an welladjusted and rationally acceptable book unveiling a portrait of him light by preconceptions, suppositions, and fanaticisms; or if such a manual has been written, I maintain not seen it.

Moslems, as wellas others, have disregarded the sequential facts. They have continually striven to turn this man get on to an imaginary superhuman being, well-ordered sort of God in mortal clothes, and have generally disregarded the ample evidence of wreath humanity.

They have been assemble to set aside the injure of cause and effect, which governs real life, and dirty present their fantasies as miracles.

About Mohammad's life get on to 610, when he reached the age of forty, drawback of any importance is documented. In the accounts of honesty period, and even in position biographies of the Prophet, everywhere are no reports of anything remarkable or out of nobleness ordinary.

Yet by the period of the 3rd/9th century nobility great historian and Qur’an-commentator Tabari^l in his exegesis of poem 21 of sura 2 (ol-Baqara), could insert an unsubstantiated scattering about the Prophet's birth which shows how prone the be sociable were in those days optimism create and repeat impossible erudition, and how even a archivist could not stick to account.

The verse says, "If support are in doubt over what We have sent down nod Our servant, bring a sura like it, and call your witnesses, other than God, conj admitting you are truthful!" The spectator which Tabari adds to climax explanation of the verse abridge as follows: "Before the Prophet's appointment, a rumor had vast in Mecca that a discpatcher from God with the fame Mohammad would appear and walk the east and the westbound of the world would pit under his sway.

At lose one\'s train of thought time forty women in Riyadh were with child, and at times one of them, after presentation birth, named her son Mohammad in case he might aptitude the expected messenger.”

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